Estrés y espiritualidad relacionado con la sobrecarga en cuidadores de adultos mayores con dependencia total / Stress and Spirituality Related to Overload in Caregivers of Totally Dependent Older Adults

Introducción: La población adulta mayor requiere atención por los cambios del envejecimiento, la atención que los cuidadores otorgan al adulto mayor dependiente suele generar estrés; los cuidadores recurren a la espiritualidad para afrontar la sobrecarga y estresores del cuidado. Objetivo: Relacionar el estrés y la espiritualidad con la sobrecarga en cuidadores de adultos mayores con dependencia total. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y correlacional en una población de cuidadores de adultos mayores de un centro comunitario de jurisdicción sanitaria en Heroica Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México, entre enero y julio del 2021. Muestra de 75 participantes para una población infinita, se aplicó muestreo por conveniencia. Se aplicó una cédula de datos personales, la Escala de Estrés Percibido, el Cuestionario de Espiritualidad y la Escala de Zarit. Los datos se analizaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS versión-21, se utilizó estadística descriptiva y se realizó correlación de Spearman. Resultados: El 56 por ciento de los cuidadores son hijos o hijas del adulto mayor dependiente, en promedio tuvieron 5,21 (DE= 3,68) horas al día dedicadas al cuidado y 7,67 (DE= 2,28) meses. Se encontró relación entre el estrés y la sobrecarga del cuidador (rs= 0,462; p= 0,000), no hubo relación entre la espiritualidad global y la sobrecarga del cuidador (rs= -0,169; p= 0,147). Conclusiones: A pesar de que la relación entre la espiritualidad global y la sobrecarga del cuidador no fue significativa, se observó relación entre el estrés y sobrecarga del cuidador(AU)

Introduction: The older adult population requires attention because of the changes as a result of aging. The caregivers' attention provided to dependent older adults often produces stress. Caregivers turn to spirituality to cope with the overload and stressors of caregiving. Objective: To relate stress and spirituality with overload in caregivers of totally dependent older adults. Methods: A descriptive and correlational study was conducted with a population of caregivers of older adults from a community health jurisdiction center in Heroica Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico, between January and July 2021. Through convenience sampling, 75 participants made up a sample obtained as an infinite population. A personal data questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Spirituality Questionnaire and the Zarit scale were applied. The data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS (version 21), descriptive statistics were used and Spearman's correlation was performed. Results: 56 percent of the caregivers were children to dependent older adults, who were, on average, 5.21 (SD = 3.68) daily hours or 7.67 (SD = 2.28) months dedicated to caregiving. A relationship was found between stress and caregiver overload (rs= 0.462; p= 0.000). There was no relationship between overall spirituality and caregiver overload (rs= -0.169; p= 0.147). Conclusions: Although the relationship between overall spirituality and caregiver overload was not significant, there was a relationship between stress and caregiver overload(AU)

Effect of Fear, Concern, and of Risk Factors for Complicated Covid-19 on Self-Care in People in Pre-elderly and Elderly Stages / Efecto del temor, la preocupación y de los factores de riesgo para COVID-19 complicado sobre el autocuidado en personas en etapa de prevejez y vejez / Efeito do medo, preocupação e fatores de risco para COVID-19 complicado no autocuidado em idosos e idosos

Objective. The work sought to determine the effect of the risk factors, fear, and concern on self-care regarding COVID-19 in people in pre-elderly and elderly stages. Methods. Correlational-predictive study, gathered through convenience sampling. The study applied the scale of fear of COVID-19(Huarcaya et al.), the scale of concern about COVID-19 (Ruíz et al.,), and the scale of self-care during the COVID-19 confinement (Martínez et al.,). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied as the mediation model based on regression. Results. The study had the participation of 333 people, with the majority being women (73.9%). Correlation was found between self-care with the scores from the scale of fear (r = -0.133, p<0.05) and of concern (r = -0.141, p<0.05) regarding COVID-19. The direct effect of the model was c' = 0.16, [95% BCa CI = -0.28, -0.09]. The standardized value for the indirect effect was estimated as c = -0.14, [95% BCa CI= -0.23,-0.09]), which shows existence of a 14.0% effect of the mediating variable on self-care conducts in the prediction model. Conclusion. A direct effect exists of risk factors for COVID-19 complication on self-care, mediated by concern and fear, besides explaining by 14% the self-care conducts for COVID-19. Recommendation is made to address other emotional variables to consider if these increase the prediction.

Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de los factores de riesgo, temor y preocupación sobre el autocuidado ante la COVID-19 en personas en etapa de prevejez y vejez. Métodos. Estudio correlacional-predictivo, recolectado mediante un muestreo a conveniencia. Se aplicó la escala de temor ante el COVID-19(Huarcaya et al.), la escala de preocupación ante el COVID-19 (Ruíz et al.) y la escala de autocuidado durante el confinamiento de COVID-19 (Martínez et al.). Se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial como el modelo de mediación basado en regresión. Resultados. Participaron 333 personas, en su mayoría mujeres, 73.9%. Se halló correlación entre el autocuidado con los puntajes de la escala de temor (r=-0.133, p<0.05) y de preocupación (r=-0.141, p<0.05) ante la COVID-19. El efecto directo del modelo fue de c'=0.16, [95% BCa CI =-0.28,-0.09]. Por su parte, el valor estandarizado para el efecto indirecto se estimó en c=-0.14, [95% BCa CI= -0.23,-0.09]), lo que muestra la existencia de un efecto de 14.0% de la variable mediadora sobre las conductas de autocuidado en el modelo predictor. Conclusión. Existe un efecto directo de los factores de riesgo para complicación de la COVID-19 sobre el autocuidado, mediado por la preocupación y el temor, aunado a que explica en un 14% la conducta de autocuidado para la COVID-19. Se recomienda abordar otras variables emocionales para considerar si estas aumentan la predicción.

Objetivo. Determinar o efeito dos fatores de risco, medo e preocupação no autocuidado diante da COVID-19 em pessoas na fase de velhice e velhice. Métodos. Estudo preditivo-correlacional, coletado por amostragem de conveniência. A escala de medo do COVID-19 foi aplicada(Huarcaya et al.), a escala de preocupação COVID-19 (Ruíz et al.) e a escala de autocuidado durante o confinamento COVID-19 (Martínez et al.). Estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais foram aplicadas como modelo de mediação baseado em regressão. Resultados.Participaram 333 pessoas, sendo a maioria mulheres 73,9%. Foi encontrada correlação entre o autocuidado e os escores da escala de medo (r=-0.133, p<0.05) e preocupação (r=-0.141, p<0.05) diante da COVID-19. O efeito direto do modelo foi c'=0.16, [95% BCa CI =-0.28,-0.09]. Por sua vez, o valor padronizado para o efeito indireto foi estimado em c=-0.14, [95% BCa CI= -0.23,-0.09]), o que mostra a existência de um efeito de 14.0% da variável mediadora sobre o self -comportamentos de cuidado no modelo preditor. Conclusão. Há efeito direto dos fatores de risco para complicações da COVID-19 no autocuidado, mediado pela preocupação e medo, além de explicar 14% do comportamento de autocuidado para a COVID-19. Recomenda-se abordar outras variáveis emocionais para considerar se elas aumentam a previsão.

Effect of Fear, Concern, and of Risk Factors for Complicated Covid-19 on Self-Care in People in Pre-elderly and Elderly Stages.

OBJECTIVES: The work sought to determine the effect of the risk factors, fear, and concern on self-care regarding COVID-19 in people in pre-elderly and elderly stages. METHODS: Correlational-predictive study, gathered through convenience sampling. The study applied the scale of fear of COVID-19 (Huarcaya et al.), the scale of concern about COVID-19 (Ruíz et al.,), and the scale of self-care during the COVID-19 confinement (Martínez et al.,). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied as the mediation model based on regression. RESULTS: The study had the participation of 333 people, with the majority being women (73.9%). Correlation was found between self-care with the scores from the scale of fear (r = -0.133, p <0.05) and of concern (r = -0.141, p<0.05) regarding COVID-19. The direct effect of the model was c= 0.16, [95% BCa CI = -0.28, -0.09]. The standardized value for the indirect effect was estimated as c = -0.14, [95% BCa CI= -0.23,-0.09]), which shows existence of a 14.0% effect of the mediating variable on self-care conducts in the prediction model. CONCLUSIONS: A direct effect exists of risk factors for COVID-19 complication on self-care, mediated by concern and fear, besides explaining by 14% the self-care conducts for COVID-19. Recommendation is made to address other emotional variables to consider if these increase the prediction.

Sarcopenia como factor predictor de dependencia y funcionalidad en adultos mayores mexicanos / Sarcopenia as a predictor of dependency and functionality in older Mexican adults México

Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la sarcopenia en la funcionalidad de Adultos Mayores Mexicanos. Método: diseño correlacional-predictivo. Muestra: 316 adultos mayores que asistieron al centro de actividades artísticas y deportivas. Instrumentos: cédula de datos sociodemográficos-clínicos, SARC-F, índice de Barthel y escala de Lawton. Resultados: La sarcopenia tiene impacto negativo sobre las actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria e influye en mayor porcentaje en las básicas convirtiéndola en variable predictora explicando un 34% las actividades de la vidia diaria y un 22% las instrumentales. Conclusiones: La sarcopenia es una variable predictora para las actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria. Los resultados presentados plantean bases para futuras intervenciones multidisciplinarias para disminuir el riesgo de sarcopenia y complicaciones en quienes la padecen. Es necesario adoptar estrategias de valoración de individuos con sarcopenia o en riesgo de desarrollarla, a través de consultas en el primer nivel de atención, para prevenirla.(AU)

Objective: To determine the influence of sarcopenia on the functionality of Mexican Older Adults. Method: correlational-predictive design. Sample, 316 older adults who attended the center for artistic and sports activities. Sociodemographic-clinical data card instruments, SARC-F, Barthel index and Lawton scale. Results: Sarcopenia has a negative impact on the instrumental activities of daily life and influences a greater percentage in the basic ones, making it a predictor variable, explaining 34% of the activities of daily life and 22% of the instrumental ones. Conclusions. Sarcopenia is a predictor variable for basic and instrumental activities of daily living. The results presented present bases for future multidisciplinary interventions to reduce the risk of sarcopenia and complications in those who suffer from it. It is necessary to adopt assessment strategies for individuals with sarcopenia or at risk of developing it, through consultations at the first level of care for its prevention.(AU)

Percepción de la vejez y la persona adulta mayor en niños del sur de México / Perceptions of elderly and old age in children from southern Mexico

Objetivo principal: Explorar las percepciones la vejez y las personas adultas mayores en niños través de la expresión verbal y pictográfica. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada a 23 niños entre 6 a 11 años dividido en tres grupos focales, posteriormente se solicitó la realización de un dibujo sobre la percepción al adulto mayor, el análisis de ambas técnicas fue descriptivo. Resultados principales: Los participantes percibieron al adulto mayor con características físicas como la presencia de canas, piel arrugada y uso de auxiliares de marcha, sin embargo, no se perciben en un futuro con limitaciones funcionales. Se identificaron tres categorías: a) la visión del inicio de la vejez, b) la imagen social de la persona adulta mayor c) percepción del rol y la convivencia con la persona adulta mayor. Conclusión principal: Se encontraron percepciones positivas y negativas de los niños hacia el adulto mayor y vejez que pueden influir en su envejecimiento exitoso. (AU)

Objective: Explore the perceptions of children about elderly and old age through verbal expression and pictographic. Methods: Qualitative, exploratory study. A semi-structured interview was carried out with 23 children between 6 and 11 years, divided into three focus groups. Later, a drawing was requested about the perception of the elderly, the analysis of both techniques was descriptive. Results: The participants perceived the elderly with physical characteristics such as the presence of gray hair, wrinkled skin and the use of gait aids, however, they are not perceived in the future with functional limitations. Three categories were identified: a) the vision of the beginning of elderly, b) the social image of the elderly c) perception of the role and coexistence with the elderly. Conclusions: Positive and negative perceptions were found about the interpretation, the thought of reality and their social knowledge of children towards the elderly and can influence their successful aging. (AU)